【代怀怎么上户口】

如果有一天,你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”,也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子,你会做出什么样的选择?据科学家预计,未来10年内,人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY

Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.

据美国一名权威科学家预计,未来10年之内,做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

IVF:in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术,又称“试管婴儿”

Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.

美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉(斯蒂芬·徐)说,科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分,这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。

Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.

徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务,旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。

“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”

徐道辉对《卫报》记者说:“准确的智商预测是可能的,即使不是未来5年内,那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”

The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.

新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。

contentious [kn'tens]:adj.有异议的,引起争论的

Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”

牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说,应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说:“出于伦理原因,我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”

Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.

自上世纪90年代以来,接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选,以发现单个基因的突变,这些突变会导致严重的疾病,比如囊性纤维化,以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。

chromosome ['krmsm]:n.染色体

Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.

许多其他特征,包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性,都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域,以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。

In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.

在过去的十年里,随着大量基因数据库的建立,这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因,每个基因都做出了微小的贡献,就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分,即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。

polygenic[,pli'denik]:adj.多基因的

Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.

基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”,它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。

outlier ['atla]:n.(统计)异常值

Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]

Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.

智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分,但徐道辉表示,如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低,人们可能还是很想知道。

“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”

徐道辉说:“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家,但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得,如果我们能计算出这个评分,发现它低得十分异常,那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”

The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.

该公司预计,在5至10年内,一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用,它将能够预测智商,误差在10分以内。

Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”

徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准,说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。

reticent ['rets()nt]:adj.沉默的;有保留的

In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”

徐道辉说,在一些国家,比如新加坡,公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说:“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前,也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”

Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。

“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.

代怀孕的权威机构_代怀孕急救小游戏_智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最

他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适,我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测,如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测,“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”

Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.

在英国,一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”

Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”

费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分,那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢?”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”

In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.

但实际上,夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外,人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如,有证据表明,学术能力的多基因得分越高,患自闭症的可能性就越大。

The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.

徐道辉说,这项技术存在争议,但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受,这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。

“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”

他说:“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物,弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上,我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在,所有指责(基因组预测)的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”

于是病友觉得婆婆是在歧视她,认为她不能自然怀孕是件丢脸的事儿。

其实,无独有偶,我自己的亲妈也是一样。面对别人建议,为什么不让我做试管婴儿试试呢?她总是回答,不想让我太受苦,其实她是不想让太多人知道我在做着试管。

而我,则会把这理解为是对我的保护与关怀,也为我挡下很多“关心”的压力。

同样的事,不同的理解,很容易产生不同的效果——觉得婆婆歧视自己,心中难免不忿;觉得妈妈心疼自己,心中则充满感激。

进而可能产生不一样的反馈效应,其实最终还是作用在咱自己身上。

尝试如何换个角度看问题,这也是我备孕、做试管婴儿一路以来,在心理上的最大收获之一。

记得之前连续两次移植生化后,医生们看到我这个老病号,都觉得有点抱歉,明明好像没什么大问题,却怎么老是差了个临门一脚?

当然,第一时间,我也确实挺挫败的。但很快就转念一想,从之前医院的三次不着床,到现在的生化妊娠,至少跨出了很大的一步,证明我的子宫,还是具有能让胚胎着床的能力。

于是我还反过来安慰了医生:“我觉得只要比以前有进步了,就是好事嘛!”

医生都被我逗笑了起来。

然而,去年底又回到不着床的一次移植后,让我着实又盲目纠结了一阵子。在开奖的当天晚上,写了一些文字、发泄痛哭了一顿。

冷静之后,我尝试着像看电视剧那样,站在“上帝视角”,回顾了我所经历的三促六移:

在第一个医院的三次冻胚、人工周期不着床,也许是因为我身体因素,血液循环不足,子宫养分不够;

换医院后一次鲜胚、一次冻胚的生化,在证明了子宫有着床能力的同时,也说明内环境可能还是不够好;

代怀孩子哪里便宜

再一次的鲜胚不着床,可能证明我确实有必要再做一次宫腔镜,排除问题,并还是需要靠人工周期,才能将子宫环境调整到更好的状态。

记得以前作为理科狗做实验的时候,很可能因为实验流程、药品浓度、时间控制等各方面因素的一点差异而导致实验失败。

每次的失败,其实并不是一无所获,排除了一种错误方案,也是朝最后的胜利迈进了一步么?

这样的心态,用到试管婴儿这件事上,也是通用的。只不过我们自己变成了实验中的小白鼠,实在太容易沉浸其中,患得患失起来。

在理科狗冷静分析之后,我还阿Q地想,也许这是上天让我再多经历一次,再忍受一番,这样才能写出更多的体会,分享给更多的人。

(否则从2016年底至今的文字,你们可能见不到了呢?而且说不定,这样你们就认识不了我了,对不对)

心理学上的研究表明,情绪有积极与消极之分。积极情绪像块垫脚石,能让我们很轻松地摘到成功之果;消极情绪恰恰相反,它就像一块绊脚石,不仅将我们绊倒,而且还让我们的腿脚受到伤害。

为了不让消极情绪变成“魔鬼”,我们完全可以想办法来调节情绪。情绪不一样,心态就不一样。心态不一样,我们说话做事的方式也就不一样。“有幸”与“不幸”的产生,有时往往就在一念之间。

我总是相信,任何事情都有正反两方面,某种事物糟糕透顶之日,便是它向好逆转之时。就如同天气冷到极点的时候,第二天往往就是晴朗之日。

内心世界其实也是如此。当你从挫折与失败中挺过来之后,或许成功距离你就不遥远了。只不过,当你身处挫折与失败的泥淖中时,往往难免会产生颓废挫败的感觉。

这时候,尝试换个角度看问题,不要让自己钻进死胡同中,也许会看到不同的风景,会有不同的感受。

不要因为做试管婴儿,或者是一时备孕没有成功,就老是把自己当成“受害者”“可怜虫”,好像全世界都欠你什么似的。

与其关注别人的儿女双全、三年抱俩,沉浸在羡慕嫉妒恨、不忿不平不爽的情绪中,不如在学会对别人说“关你屁事”的同时,也学会对自己说“关我屁事!”

送给在试管婴儿路上,所有前行的姐妹——

所有的丢失,都是为了珍爱之物的来临腾出位置;所有的匍匐,都是高高跃起前的热身;所有的支离破碎,都是为了来之不易的圆满。

上天不会无缘无故做出莫名其妙的决定。它让你放弃和等待,是为了给你最好的。

【泰国代怀孩子价格】